Inconsistent Roles Essay -- essays papers

Inconsistent Roles The Colonial era spans nearly two hundred years with each settlement in the New World containing distinctive characteristics. Location in the new world is one factor that shaped women’s lives but religion and economics also played a massive role. These roles however were constantly changing and often contradicting. Since there is numerous factors that contributed to the shaping of women’s private and public roles in the seventeenth and eighteenth century it is impossible to categories all colonial woman in one group. Some historians refer to this period as the golden age of women; however, I tend to see this period as oppressive, with only few examples of women exercising social and public powers. The vast amount of women who came to the New World in the earliest days of colonial settlement came as indentured servants to the Chesapeake region. The New World was underdeveloped and sparsely populated; therefore, the women were expected to not only perform their traditional female work but also engage hard manual labor. Early colonial women in some respects were allotted more freedom than women of latter generations; yet, this was not a product of ideology, but rather necessity. European men did not support the idea of equality and saw women as their inferior; however, female inferiority was minimized due to the harsh conditions affecting the entire populous of the New World. The women who lived out the duration of their contract or who were bought out of servitude were quickly married and just as quickly widowed. This factor granted women more power and access to land. Some widows would assert power through courts to guarantee claims to their deceased husbands land. Lois Green Carr and Lorena S. Walsh in The Planters Wife describe how many husbands left their entire estate to their widows entrusting them with the responsibility of managing his estate and dividing the land between their children. â€Å"A husband made his wife his executor and thus responsible for paying his debts and preserving the estate.† By today’s standards the practice of leaving property to a wife is the norm; yet, prior to seventeenth century this practice was virtually nonexistent. Carr and Walsh continue by stating, â€Å"Evidently, in the politics of family life women enjoyed great respect.† Therefore, while the Chesapeake colonies remained underdeveloped women ... ... been more emotionally pleasing but still the women remained distant from the outside public realm. The Quakers shared in an exceptional amount of equally that was never adopted or accepted by the dominant classes in the colonies. The last years of the colonial era did allow for increased rights and autonomy for women but it still was tangled with contradictions and in no respect could be deemed as the golden age of women. Bibliography: Lois Green Carr and Lorena Walsh, The Planter’s Wife: The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth-Century Maryland. The William and Mary Quarterly, October 1977, 556-557. Ibid. 557. Laurel Ulrich, Good wives, The Ways of her Household (Oxford University Press, 1983), 22. Ibid. 32. Nancy F. Cott, Roots of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Woman, Examination Of Anne Hutchinson (Northeastern U. Press. Boston 1996), 3-10 Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the shape of a woman: Witchcraft in colonial New England (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 116 Linda K. Kerber, women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1980), 38 Ibid. Chap. 4

Public Health Nursing Acts in Emergency Disasteres

he assignment for this paper asks about a disaster that could happen in my community. A disaster is any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, and or devastation requiring external assistance (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.508). The purpose of the paper is to provide information how the professional nurse react in the community when a disaster take place.The disaster selected for the paper is a chemical plant fire explosions. I reside in an area that is reported to have quite a few chemical plants. In terms of human-made disaster prevention, the nurse should be aware of high-risk targets and current vulnerabilities and what can be done to eliminate or mitigate the vulnerability (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.512). Preventing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters and emergencies are the nurse roles for emergency disasters. Clinical judgment and decision-making skills Public health nurses’ skills are necessary to provide temporary housing, with basic health needs such as water and food resources, for people who must evacuate their homes and provides a safe place to eat, sleep.Age specifics are taken into consideration because of vulnerability and care need for the older adult population and children. Developing and testing systems for childcare and elder-care during public health emergencies could reduce the burden of competing responsibilities for nurses (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Children require special protection, especially nursing babies, infants and under-fives (ODPEM, 1989). Several nurses skilled to practice safely and competent are necessary for patient care in the event of a disaster in the community. The nurses must have knowledge of the environmental factors and the risk they put to themselves and other during the disaster.The public health nurse’s knowledge of the geographical locations of medical facilities and clinic to transport patients seriously injured needing care are impor tant to all persons involve in the disaster. Nurses need awareness of the surrounding medical facilities and services provided in their area, including alternate care sites and medical shelters (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). The public nurses are educated, trained and  skilled to respond quickly to aid in the disaster. Nurses have unique skills for all aspects of disaster to include assessment, priority setting, collaboration, and addressing of both preventive and acute care needs (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.511).The nurses provide education and emotional support to the community. It is the role of the public health nurse to communicate with all healthcare professionals such as physician, other nurses, emergency medical team, the emergency coordinator, and fire department personnel actively participating in the emergency disaster. Communication with health care participants will assist them in rapidly establishing priorities and necessary actions during the emergency disaster. C ommunication and collaboration among other health care professionals is critical for delivering safe effective patient care all areas of care.The nurses prepared at the Baccalaureate level must have knowledge of laws and ethics when making clinical judgments, and decision making. Nurses incorporate critical thinking, research and evidence base practice, informatics, cultural sensitivity and awareness in their practice when communicating information to other health care professional. Nurses prepared at the Baccalaureate level are educated to use respectful communication and collaboration to aid in care coordination, delegation, and conflict resolution in any situation when caring for patients and individual in the community.Developing partnerships between public and private health-care, emergency management, and law enforcement entities, while using current technology to promote timely disease identification and reporting, can improve the daily capacity of a community to respond to i llness and disease regardless of magnitude (CDC, 2013). Nursing StrategiesThere are strategies nurses can use in emergency disaster before it takes place. Work with the community providing education and teaching to identify hazards that could affect their local area. Use communication techniques holding public meetings and events for the community geared towards improving the public's understanding of a disaster and how to address disasters that may arise. The health and safety of the community following a disaster of any kind, therefore, depends on the ability of its residents to be â€Å"disaster ready.† (Adams, L., Canclini., S., 2008).Provide clear in-depth information about the chemicals hazards and the importance of  an organized response to the emergency of a chemical plant explosion. Encourage colleagues, by increasing awareness that disaster do happen in our communities. provide knowledgeable information about disasters. Set up programs with communities and facilit ies practicing drills and communication techniques. Drills enhance confidence in systems, individuals, procedures, and equipment (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Nursing leadership for prevention, preparedness and recovery is critical to ensure a multi-disciplinary, coordinated and evidence-based response for chemical plant disaster.Although public health nurses can function in many capacities, they are most likely to be deployed to the â€Å"operations section† because they bring leadership capacity, broad understanding of community systems, nursing knowledge, skills, and abilities (ASTDN 2007). During a public health emergency, occupational health nurses can be instrumentals in facilitating schedules and assignments that limit worker exposure to physically and psychologically over-whelming events (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Minimize errors owing to the absence of communication amongst health professionals.Accurate communication can reduce accident s and fatalities, stress and emotional conflict between health care professionals and the community population. To summarize this paper in short. Public health nurses’ roles are broad. The focus for nurses in the communities is to prevent diseases, provide teaching and education. The public health nurse’s experience and skills in the event of an emergency disaster promotes a positive outcome.

Are Effective Leaders Born or Made (Nature Versus Nurture)

Are Effective Leaders Born or Made? (Nature versus Nurture) Srinivas Introduction The definition of leadership is that the art of motivating a gaggle of individuals to act towards achieving a standard goal. In even easier terms, the leader is that the inspiration and director of the action. He or she is that the person within the cluster that possesses the mixture of temperament and skills that creates others needs to follow his or her direction (Ward). That brings every one of us to the foremost basic and most often-asked question all told leadership development, square measure nice leaders born or made? Some individuals believe that leaders square measure born with the set of skills to become a successful leader. Whereas†¦show more content†¦According to Bruce J. Avolio (2008), they need the aptitude to guide the folks with their single vision. Some believe that leaders are created as they are going by getting experiences, availing opportunities, and attending biological process trainings and having coaching and mentioning privilege. There’s another cluster of individuals who believe that leaders represent each the probabilities like in born and bought leadership skills. During this case the prevailing skills are polished with time and obtain a lot of qualities with time. In my personal opinion, the leaders are the mix of innate and bought leadership qualities that facilitate them sustain their name within the long haul. I went through intensive literature so as to make my opinion since I am conjointly code developer and that I need to become a pacesetter in my role. There are many surveys that have been conducted worldwide that prove that most of the firm belief that leaders so created since a pacesetter is somebody over a lump of genetic combination and very less think that the leaders belie that leaders might merely change state with the required skills. However, there are who also believed that a pacesetter could be a combination of each the factors. There are classes of intrinsic and adventitious skills that represent the leaders. The intrinsic skillsShow MoreRelatedNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in diff erent fields have researched on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead MoreLeadership in Our World Today1581 Words   |  6 Pagesterms, our experiences tell us that leaders run things, control situations, command troops, direct activities, manage resources, head committees, and are in-charge. They provide guidance, pilot projects, conduct business, show the way, and are out front. It turns out, however, that these are, more-or-less, managerial functions. The leader has always been that person who, by virtue of an appointment to his/her position by frankly, some other leader, is generally seen as having positionalRead MoreWhat Makes A Great Man?920 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a leader. One has to be an effective leader to be considered successful. This brings to mind the great nature versus nurture question. Is it possible for a leader to be made and not born? To answer this question, a study looked at the traits that are considered to make a leader effective and thus great (Kirkpatrick Locke, 1991). I read article twenty-five of chapter five of managing in the public sector. The reason I picked this case is because of the possible challenges a leader canRead MoreDefine Leadership And Contrast Leadership And Management1162 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between leaders and managers? Substantiate your arguments with material from the House Aditya article or other articles on the topic. There is certainly a difference between leadership and management, in that the latter entails the effective supervision of subordinates with the goal of meeting external organizational goals. Leadership, on the other hand, derives from internalizing organizational goals, creating them anew, challenging, or changing them. A leader might serve in a supervisoryRead MoreJohn B. Watson : An American Behavioral Psychologist1373 Words   |  6 Pagesvocations, and race of his ancestors† (1930, p. 104). It is an extreme point of view in the nature versus nurture debate, but one I agree with. Though genetics predispose individuals to certain qualities that make them â€Å"natural born leaders†, how the world nurtures those qualities determine if they become leaders or not. For decades there were no female leaders, not because women are inherently worse leaders, but because society did not support their existence. Everything about us is an intricate interactionRead MoreThe Nature of Development Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pageswork. They are shaped by parents, peers, and biology. From their mannerisms, to the way their chin points, nurture and nature affect every aspect of human life. There is a debate brewing in the psychological, sociological and scientific communities over which of these two have the higher influence. While most of the members of these communities acknowledge the fact that both nature and nurture affect development, some believe that only one solely determines certain aspects of life, such as genderRead MoreWomen s Leadership Style Of Leadership2061 Words   |  9 PagesREVIEW AND ANALYSIS If you look up the word â€Å"leader†, in the dictionary, there will no pictures of famous leaders beside it. There will be no reference regarding sex or gender. Instead, the definition will refer to a leader as a person, a human-being. Yet, when society thinks of the word leader, their thought process is often biased. Society tends to think of men first. The question remains: Why can’t women become great leaders? An effective leader can lead in many ways, as well as adopt theirRead MoreThe Development Of Key Ideas Within Contemporary Management And Leadership Development2331 Words   |  10 Pagesideas found. Introduction: â€Å"Leadership is a strategic, focused on vision, and involves a strong element of building trust and emotional engagement with ‘followers’† (Jan Carmichael, 2011). Similarly (B.M.Bass) Bass (1990) who found that a leader should engage followers by showing enthusiasm, inspiring loyalty and gains respect through doing what’s really important and the best for the people. This perception of leadership as a way of â€Å"getting people to follow† is one of many, for exampleRead MoreEssay Separating Twins in School1969 Words   |  8 Pagesstudied is nature versus nurture. The focus of this essay, however, is whether or not to separate twins in schools. Some believe the separation is demeaning and traumatic to the twins. The side about to be proved however that is this separation is a necessary step in the individualization of twins. Often, separation sparks the path to individualization. There are two types of twins. One type of twins, called identical twins, is exact clones of each other. They share the same DNA and were made from aRead MoreSocialization6074 Words   |  25 PagesQUESTIONS 1. _____ is the lifelong process of social interaction in which an individual acquires a social identify. a. The generalized other b. The looking-glass self c. Socialization d. Resocialization e. The sense of self Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of a. learning. b. socialization. c. culture. d. resocialization. e

Are Sharks as Dangerous, as People Consider Them to Be

Are Sharks as Dangerous, as People Consider Them to Be? Among the richness of the animal world and the exciting images it offers fishes have never arrested too great an attention of human beings. Though, there are a lot of books, films and other media on virtually any kind of mammals, birds or lizards. There is hardly anything to be found being dedicated to fishes. With one exception, nevertheless. The exception is sharks, especially – the great white shark or Carcharodon Carcharias. It is hard to imagine some other predator that inspires so much terror and disgust in humans, along with a kind of morbid fascination. The very image of its triangular fin gliding above the water imposes a kind of primeval terror upon people, being the embodiment of the ancient fear of being devoured alive by something alien and unfamiliar, coming from the uncharted depths of the sea. However, most of this fear may easily be tracked down to much more contemporary times, than some kind of genetic memory. We speak, of course, about a bestselling Peter Benchley’s novel Jaws and its many film adaptations, spin-offs and imitations. The book about white sharks attacking, maiming and eating humans turned out to be a great success and actually created the image of a shark as a man-eater in the mass culture. The facts, however, testify rather differently. Although there was a number of documented shark attacks on people, their number is far less than one could have supposed taking their reputation into account, with only a small percentage of them being fatal. It seems that white sharks don’t like the taste of human flesh, or at least find it unfamiliar. As their only way of interacting with the outer world is biting, they often test-bite unfamiliar objects, including humans, but generally leave them alone afterwards, discovering that they are very unlike their usual food.

Essay on Subjective or Objective Morality on Campus

Subjective or Objective Morality on Campus LVE8004 2013/5/24 Introduction The question of morality is objective or subjective has been arguing for centuries. People who hold different perspectives stand on different sides. In this paper, I will exam this issue with my own finding in a University in China. I found lots of college students show lots misbehavior and poor in-class performance on campus in the University I teach. Students show misbehavior such as put trash in the wrong place, smoke in public area, drink alcohol in dorm, physical fighting, and etc. Student show poor in-class activity such as lose attention to their instructor, playing phone during class time, in-class chatting, sleeping, reading (non-course†¦show more content†¦6:18). We should not lie because the God dont lie. â€Å"God is love† (1 John 4:16), so we should â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† (Matt. 22:39). Furthermore, Ten Commandments are the Bible law that to prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, deception and adultery (Wikipedia, 2 013). Taylor (1993), a naturalism, mentions that people know what is right and wrong there are reasons for not stealing, there are reasons for not assaulting, and there are reasons for not lying. These things hurt people is convention (formed by nature), it is not from God. William Craig (1993) argues that naturalist such as Taylor does not provide a basis for morality. If naturalism is true, objective right and wrong does not exist. (William Taylor, 1993). Craig believes that without God, there is no true right and wrong. If naturalism (Taylor) is right, then people cannot condemn crime or something immoral. â€Å"The decision to become a Mother Teresa rather than an Adolph Hitler is rather like the decision to go to McDonald’s rather than Burger King.† (Craig Taylor, 1993) it is all your decision if there is no true right and wrong. Geisler (1999) stated â€Å"The principle of causality. Only being can cause being. Nothing does not exist, and only what exists can cause existence, since the very concept of â€Å"cause† implies an existing thing that has the power to effect another. From absolutely nothing comes absolutely nothing.† Therefore, most of objectivist arguesShow MoreRelatedKant s Philosophy Of Ethics And Moral Reasoning1432 Words   |  6 Pageshold at the same time as a principle in a giving of universal law† (Kant, 1993, p. 30). Like other nonconsequentialists, Kant is much more concerned with the motive behind an action, rather than the outcome of that action when deciding the action’s morality. This avenue of thinking is still very relevant today, over 200 years after Kant first shared his treatises through his writings. Today’s college students can be taught to evaluate whether their actions are moral by examining the motives behind theirRead MoreEthics : Value Theory, Normative Ethics, And Meta Ethics1501 Words   |  7 Pagesmakes a person happy is falls under the category of being intrins ically valuable, but this is not true. For example, happiness could be tied to a feeling or sensation that makes a person â€Å"happy†. This can be seen in the idea of providing free beer campus wide at all times of the day. While although the action could make a person temporarily â€Å"happy†; providing alcohol at any times of the day in not intrinsically valuable because the consumption of alcohol in it of its self is not something that willRead MoreCritical Analysis of Ethical Relativism Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is morality? How is it possible to know what is morally correct when cultures differ so vastly? To answer these questions, and many more regarding the moral dilemmas in the world, there are theories that have been developed to resolve them. One example is known as Ethical Relativism. Ethical Relativism has been developed on the basis that there is no common set of values that can apply to everyone, as there are an infinite number of cultures tha t exist and clash with each other. Morality is extremelyRead MoreAdolescent Psychology Essay 31067 Words   |  5 PagesWundts research utilized a school of thought known as structuralism, which involved describing the structures that compose the mind. This perspective relied heavily on the analysis of sensations and feelings through the use of introspection, a highly subjective process. Wundt believed that properly trained individuals would be able to accurately identify the mental processes that accompanied feelings, sensations, and thoughts. Schools of Thought Throughout psychologys history, a number of differentRead MoreBy Using Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) the Tobacco Industry Is Seeking to Change Their Unethical Public Image. Evaluate This Strategy Using Three Ethical Principles of the Global Business Standards Codex.3135 Words   |  13 Pages | | |Parramatta | |Campus enrolment: | | Declaration: ⠝‘ I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged. ⠝‘ I hereby certifyRead MorePsychology and Impact Personality Development1997 Words   |  8 Pageskinds of process theories: * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- * consciousness and our present, subjective reality: what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personalityRead MorePsychology and Impact Personality Development2008 Words   |  9 Pages3 kinds of process theories: * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- * consciousness and our present, subjective reality: what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personalityRead MoreDefinition Of A World Class University Essay2114 Words   |  9 Pagesuniversity is also nominated by the comprehensive international ranking systems, which often indicate the institutions’ academic outputs. The most reputed ones are THES and SJTU. They provide league measurements to compare and contrast both subjective and objective data of the ranked universities (Salmi, 2009). In fact, the ranking systems have reinforced the circumstance of promoting world-class universities globally. On one hand, they have defined â€Å"what a world-class is to the broadest audience† (SalmiRead MoreCan Profitability and Morality Co-Exist?10045 Words   |  41 PagesCan Profitability and Morality Co-exist? Business Ethics and Corporate Governance INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ETHICS What is Business Business is a legally recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to sell goods and/or services to consumers or other businesses, usually in an effort to generate profit. It is a commercial activity engaged in as a means of livelihood or profit, or an entity which engages in such activities. What is Ethics? Ethics areRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesand truth is a property of linguistic entities, of sentences (1989:6-7). We can not determine the truthfulness of the language, only its usefulness. There is no objective knowledge, no truth of correspondence. Instead, there are stories that give the storytellers power when they are believed. Linguistics suddenly becomes hot on campus. Stanley Fish, a professor of English at Johns Hopkins, espouses a â€Å"reader response theory† that gives the reader the â€Å"joint responsibility for the production

The Struggle Between Good and Evil free essay sample

Throughout history man has proven that, when left to deal with the struggle between good and evil, our immortality often claims victory, meaning that we are essentially wicked. Upon examining history along with fictional characters in plays, novels, short stories, etc. , we recognize that man default to their immoral and sinful human nature, which plays a colossal role in our everyday lives. Religion provides us with the original interpretation of what is evil versus what is not, while society and knowledge apply this definition to today’s world. The assessment of these characters morality invariably leads to one conclusion: good and evil are not opposite ends of a continuum but instead are inherent in every person’s psyche therefore, man in inherently evil. Human nature can be described as an everlasting struggle between the forces of light and dark within the human soul. Humans are at the mercy of this darkness around and within them and must consciously choose the light, leading to a righteous way of life. Lord of the Flies by William Golding depicts this struggle between the light and dark sides of human nature, â€Å"Golding has been described as pessimistic, mythical, and spiritual- an allegorist who uses his novel as a canvas to paint portraits of man’s constant struggle between civilized self and his hidden darker nature† (Golding William 708). There are two groups of boys that represent each end of the continuum, those who gave into their evil nature, Jack and his followers, and those who resisted it, Piggy, Simon, and Ralph. The novel demonstrates this inward struggle by providing multiple circumstances where the boys must subconsciously choose where their humanity lies. Just as our DNA is intertwined into us, so are the forces of evil. â€Å"There exists an unwritten but operative universal morality that is ultimately as inescapable as the hereditary forces that determine a person’s life†(Carpenter David). Roderick Usher from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† experiences this type of imminent suffering. It seems as if he can’t escape the forces of evil tugging at him from within. This struggle causes his unavoidable unhappiness â€Å"in repeatedly frustrated and notably ironic efforts to find the locus of his â€Å"utter depression of soul† that it might be something inward does not occur and him, and cannot occur too† (Benoit Raymond). Because this evil is intertwined in his human nature he must suffer with it no matter his attempts to banish it. Human nature is not only shaped by the inescapable forces of the universe but we also look to society in order to further expand our role as human beings. Throughout history we have always been susceptible to the impact society has on our morality. As time Progresses we evolve and society continues to shape our ideas on humans and Evil. In Lawrence’s poem â€Å"Snake† the slithering creature creates a well-known connection for readers. The snake represents evil at is earliest form, â€Å"Lawrence explores the otherness of the creature world, defined chiefly by its purity and innocence in contrast to the corrupt human world† (McFall Gardner). He uses the snake to tempt the main character much like the snake tempted Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Because of society the presence of this creature raises red flags. Rather than viewing nature as something beautiful, which it is, we connect it with evil all in thanks to what our corrupt world has taught us. In accordance with this theory, society can sometimes create, or bring out, the evil in a person’s human nature much like in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. â€Å"The Aptly named character of the Misfit serves as a symbol both of evil as well as a symbol of the villains’ inability to fit into society. † Because of his familiarity with rejection the Misfit has given into his evil human nature. Ultimately this is caused because of the effect society has had on him. Along with the Misfit, the grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† shows signs of a dominantly evil human nature, â€Å"her insistence on dressing well so that people will know she is a lady, and her superficial interactions with her grandchildren are quite funny but also reveal the woman’s pride, pettiness, and self-centeredness† (Larson Susan). Although this is not the purest form of evil, her shallow actions show the effect society has on conditioning people to allow their evil nature to overrule their conscience. Much of what society bases itself upon is the nowledge we have attain throughout history and what we continue to learn. As time progresses our knowledge continues to expand and further develops our attitude towards evil. The knowledge humans have acquired has, and continues to, greatly impact our view towards evil. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, Piggy’s character represents knowledge among the boys. He is primarily the only one who chooses to look towards reason to maintain his good human nature. â€Å"Piggy’s knowledge and believe in the power of science and rational thought to help people understand and thus control the physical† (Lord of the Flies 174). He continuously asks the boy’s to use their common sense, and attempts to remind them of how they should be acting. Although his pleas go ignored William Golding shows that although it is a constant struggle, with reason and thought one can maintain their human nature even in the most uncivilized circumstances. Some may resort to their evil nature because knowledge is sometimes frightening, â€Å"The sun, which should represent life and the power or reason, can also be blinding† (Lord of the Flies 174). It is possible that by attempting to force knowledge into the boys, Piggy instead creates resentment. He tries to show them the light, Jack and his many followers cloud the boy’s mind. They may choose this evil path because the power of reason is intimidating, and the easiest way of survival on the island is to succumb to their evil nature. The impact religion has over the battle between good and evil is a vital one. It is an inescapable and highly influential factor. The debate on whether human beings are naturally good or evil has been, and will continue to be one of the most controversial subjects humans have had to address. Acknowledging the roles human nature, society, and knowledge play in this debate logically points us to believe that at the center of every human there is a dark nature. This nature must constantly be suppressed in order to lead an honorable life. The battle between light and dark within the human soul is one we will continue to fight because man was created inherently evil and is up to the individual to overcome the pull towards a corrupted and malevolent way of life.

Reliability and Validity Matrix free essay sample

For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of the type of reliability/validity, its purpose and under what conditions these types of reliability and validity would be used as well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s weaknesses. TEST of |Description, Purpose, Application and |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Reliability |Appropriateness | | | |Inter-item |Â  Inter-item consistency is the parallel of all |Â  Test score calculations are more|Â  Inter-item consistency cannot | |Consistency |items on a scale calculated from one trial of a |accurate and clear when there is |measure intelligence or personality. | |test. It is used in assessing how consistent |a lot of consistency. Inter item |If the items are not homogenous with| | |various raters and observers are of the same |consistency is great at measuring |the same difficulty and length, it | | |phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliability and Validity Matrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When asking questions to research an |if a test is reliable and |would be ineffective determining | | |idea this test can assess the response of the |consistent based on the length or|internal consistency. Even the | | |test-taker against the idea. Different questions |shortness of a test. The |Spearman-Brown formula would fail. | | |that test the same idea give consistent results. |inter-item consistency test can |Inter-item consistency works best on| | |This is appropriate for example, in testing |show reliability over a period of|tests that are whole-test and long | | |employee performance at different times over a |time. On the flip side, errors |in length rather than half-test uses| | |period of time. Employers can use this to determine|among items can be broken down |or short test. | | |if an employee is eligible for a raise or |and new ones can be added to | | | |promotion. |reach a reliability measurement. | |Split-half |Â  Split-half reliability randomly divides all items |Â  Split-half reliability has its |Â  It is not wise to divide a test in | | |that mean to measure the same idea into two sets. |strength in being efficient and |half straight down the middle | | |When it is difficult to measure reliability with |less tedious for test-takers than|because the content and difficulty | | |two test or perform a test two times, split half |the parallel form. It measures |of questions will not be distributed| | |reliability is suitable. It is appropriate with |internal consistency well. It |evenly. Many intermediary variables | | |uneven random assignment splits need to be |also can check middle variables |are created such as fatigue during | | |measured. It also can be used to create a small |that may cause an error in the |the second half of the test. | |parallel form of the same test. |analysis since the both portions |Deviations in difficulty and | | |Â   |of the test are taken at one |subjects of the items on the first | | |Â   |time. |part of the test compared to the | | | | |second part. |Test/retest |Â  Test-Retest reliability is about taking the same |Â  Test-retest is strong in |Â  Test-retest reliability is weak in | | |test with the same people and two different times |reliability because the results |that the roots of an idea being | | |to measure how stable an idea is over time. If an |measure an individuals reaction |t ested can alter over time. It would| | |idea being measured is supposed to change over a |time and perceived judgment. Such|produce sensitive results that make | | |period then the scores would vary. It is |traits are stagnant and do not |the score of reliability appear | | |inappropriate when measuring for example, computer |change a lot over time and are |lower than the actual measurement. | |skills of college students. A series of lessons |not sensitive to many intervening|For example, a college student may | | |about computers would be on the first and second |variables. |have excellent skills when assessed | | |test, then the test would show variance because of | |on using a HP computer but when | | |the education provided to all testtakers. |assessed on a MAC they could fail or| | |Â   | |when assessed on a computer from 15 | | |Â   | |years ago, they could falter. | |Parallel and |Â  Parallel and alternate forms that test reliability|Â  It helps in determining what |Â  Parallel and alternate forms are | |alternate forms |use many occurrences of the same test items at two |questions are best to ask. It |very time consuming, cost a lot of | | |separate times with the same test-takers. It is |measures the center idea through |money and bring fatigue for the | | |appropriate in measuring traits that are stagnant |different variations on the same |test-taker because of the many | | |over a long period of time and not effective when |test item. The reliability of a |changers of the same test questions | | |measuring limited emotions or anxiety levels. |test increases when similar |over and over. These forms are not | | |Parallel forms can be done with another form such |scores are on the same question |dependable to measure an idea that | | |as split-half. |on many tests. |can alter over time. The tests can | | |Â   | |be taken months or even years apart | | |Â   | |causing intervening variables to | | |Â   | |impact the scores creating error | | | | |variance. |Test of Validity |Description, Application and Appropriateness |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Face validity |Â  Face validity describes the particular view of a |Â  Face validity’s strength is that|Â  A weakness for face validity is its| | |test-taker on the test’s validity. The measurement |a test taker has confidence in |inability to measure validity. A | | |is not about the quantity of the actual validity |the validity of the test and is |test may look like it’s valid but | | |but the test taker’s perception of the tests’ |more comfortable taking the test |not possess good ideas, long enough | | |validity. It is appropriate when measuring the |or passing out the test to be |time, or be taken in a good | | |confidence of a test taker. It measures what it is |taken. Otherwise, the test would |environment. | | |supposed to measure. |be invalid. | | | |Â   | | | | |Â   | | | | |Â   | | | |Â   | | | |Content validity |Â  Content validity is useful to test designers who |Â  Strength for content validity |Â  A pitfall for content validity is | | |need to create test questions that match the |lies in that it can work in |potentially new material is prey to | | |material being tested. It is appropriate for |reverse from job responsibilities|culture and linear changes. The | | |college professors on a final exam. It is |to what is required for the job. |questions can have different answers| | |ineffective for a test designer who wants new |First the questions must cover |in different fields of the world at | | |people to have the same strengths as current |what needs to be performed the |different times. The items on the | | |employees. |duties of the job, then a process|test have to be accurate all the way| | |Â   |to evaluate what an employee |around. | |Â   |contributes to a position | | | |Â   | | | | |Â   | | | |Criterion related |Â  This method, criterion related validity, is very |Â  A positive for criterion-related|Â  A negative about the criterion | | |strong in confirming validity. It is used to verify|validity is it can validate a |related validity is that it can | | |criteria on a test and represent what is really in |test score. Using methods outside|contaminate the results. In the same| | |the trial of test-takers who are tested. A group of|of the test to prove that the |way it can measure and diagnose a | | |people, who have lost everything they owned from a |information on the test covers |personality disorder like | | |natural disaster like a tornado, may all be |the subject matter that is |schizophrenia, a panel of | | |diagnosed as depressed. If they all are tested |supposed to be covered. It is |psychiatrists would use the test | | |using new questions and all score high for |more objective and verifiable |criterion and validity to measure. | | |depression, then the test has proven validity. |that the previous methods and is | | | |Â   |a favorite. | | |Â   | | | | |Â   | | | | |Â   | | | |Construct |Â  Other smaller types of validity are under |Â  A strength for construct |Â  A weakness for construct validity | | |construct validity. This is appropriate when a test|validity is the steps used to |is there is no single idea or it is | | |needs to measure an idea like intelligence or |verify an idea follow a |too vague. The results of the test | | |anxiety. It is ineffective when an idea is not |particular scientific method. |will not be able to be measured | | |clear or covers to broad a spectrum. |First a hypothesis is created, |accurately. The validity of the test| | |Â   |then a prediction is made and |on the idea will have no substance | | |Â   |then the results are measured. |or definition. | |Â   |The predictions are based on | | | |Â   |facts and the test is used to see| | | |Â   |if the prediction is true. If it | | | |Â   |is not true then the test | | | | |questions or idea may have to be | | | | |reviewed. | |