Current Surgical Treatment of Gallstones Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Current Surgical Treatment of Gallstones. Answer: Presentation: Successful clinical thinking abilities in nursing practice guarantee positive patient results. Alternately, poor clinical thinking aptitudes lead to patients decay (Salminen et al., 2014). The term clinical thinking in nursing alludes to the way toward gathering signs, handling tolerant related data, understanding the wellbeing state of the patient, arranging and improvement of mediation, assessment of result and considering the results and the procedure. The whole procedure is a not straight rather each progression of the procedure is a pattern of connected and continuous clinical experiences (Dalton et al., 2015). Levett Jone built up the clinical thinking cycle and it is imperative in nursing calling. The paper manages the contextual investigation of 49-year-elderly person Mr. Kasim Al-Mutar who presents to the crisis division with cholecystitis. The paper presents the wellbeing evaluation of the patient utilizing the Levett Jones clinical thinking structure. The clinical thinking cycle is a unique Management procedure and comprises of a few phases. The initial step of the structure is the thought of the patients circumstance. In the given contextual investigation, Mr. Kasim Al-Mutar, a multi year elderly person with cholecystitis is introduced to the crisis office. He presents following two days of right upper quadrant stomach agony, heaving and fever. Cholecystitis is the condition related with gallbladder irritation. In this condition, the gallstones deter the cystic pipe. It bring about develop of bile in the nerve bladder prompting irritation. The most widely recognized indication of the intense cholecystitis is stomach agony and delicacy in right upper quadrant or RUQ (Bosch et al., 2016). It is the normal agreeable for his age and sexual orientation. As per Wichmann et al., (2010) the danger of cholecystitis increments with age. In Australia this is the regular condition in 25-30% individuals matured 50 years or more. Intense chole cystitis is more typical in men than ladies who get gallstones all the more frequently. Consequently, it is basic for Mr. Kasim to encounter these side effects. Be that as it may, further evaluation is expected to decide the specific reason for the side effect and recognize the nearness of gallstones. The following stage of the clinical thinking cycle is assortment of prompts and data identified with the clinical circumstance introduced. For this reason, it is imperative to audit the handover data. In light of the clinical handover by past medical attendant, the patient had pulse of 126, circulatory strain of 100/45 and temperature of 38.5 which shows fever . The handover educates serious torment in right upper quadrant with last scene of heaving 2 hours prior. After gathering more data on the patient from the past medical caretaker, it was discovered that the patient is pale with dry mucous layer. The patient is parched and is mentioning water to drink. Extra data picked up from the past reports incorporates shoulder tip torment. The patient revealed a torment score of 7 on a size of 10. After gathering data on patients family, it was discovered that the main part to help and care for Mr. Kasim is his 12-year-old little girl. The clinical handover doesn't give data on nearness of stomach sounds which is the most well-known indicative test requested to analyze cholecystitis. The data doesn't demonstrate if the agony was at first colicky and if later has gone to be consistent. There ought to have been more data fair and square of bilirubin, antacid phosphatase which, give a proof on the impediment of bile channel. There is a need of complete blood tally test for determination and affirmation of a charming cholecystitis by recognizing the markers of irritation (Yabluchansky et al., 2016). The data gathered from the handover should be prepared to continue with further wellbeing evaluation of the patient. The handling of acquired clinical data is the following phase of clinical thinking cycle. To begin with the essential signs the pulse of patient which is 126 beats for each moment is demonstrative of tachycardia (Yabluchansky et al., 2016). His pulse of 100/45 shows hypotension and fever is shown by his temperature of 38.8C. Further, the patient has been heaving 2 hours back. As indicated by Yabluchansky et al., (2016) the most well-known side effects of intense cholecystitis incorporate fever, vomitting, tachycardia, and stomach torment. As indicated by McPheeters and Karp, (2015) sickness and regurgitating in this condition is related with biliary colic which is the condition caused when bile conduit is incidentally obstructed by the gallstones. In this way, these side effects coordinate on account of the patient. The patients of intense cholecystitis report upper st omach torment, which at that point emanates to the correct shoulder or scapula. Further, the torment habitually starts in the epigastric district and afterward restricts in the RUQ (Bosch et al., 2016). A comparative side effect has been invested in the event of Mr. Kasim whose clinical history shows shoulder tip torment and extreme RUQ torment. The torment score of 7 out of 10 shows a prevailing agony. It demonstrates extreme torment that rules the faculties. This serious agony essentially meddles with rest and confines the capacity to play out the ordinary every day exercises (Strong et al., 2014). Further, the fair skin of the patient demonstrates frailty, and the patient is got dried out as clear from the dry mucous film and patients ability to drink water. It shows the need of setting up intravenous liquid quickly (Jeong Jung, 2016). It is important to pass judgment on the current state of the patient utilizing basic intuition abilities to recognize the issues and issues. In view of the indications of the patient the most presumed conclusion is intense cholecystitis thinking about the side effects and writing (Le Finlayson, 2016). There is a need of focussed wellbeing appraisal. The research center trial of amylase/lipase, liver capacity test, heart proteins and b-HCG will better dispose of the immaterial alternatives from the differential conclusion. A portion of the manifestations are likewise basic in the event of normal bile conduit impediment, and acalculous cholecystitis (Barie Eachempati, 2015).These indicative tests are fundamental since intense cholecystitis and basic bile channel deterrent is affirmed with expanded degree of Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin and alakaline. In intense cholecystitis, amylase and lipase are somewhat raised. In this manner, these tests will pre clude the potential outcomes of different issues, for example, an infected appendix (Victory et al., 2017). In the event that the fever is because of disease it will be apparent from the ascent in WBC (positive blood societies). The right data of the analysis can be accomplished from the intense stomach arrangement and ultrasound of the correct upper quadrant. In the event that the intense stomach arrangement is negative then the data from the ultrasound test will be the final retreat for right analysis. It is on the grounds that the correct upper quadrant ultrasound educates about the nearness of the gallstones, perichocholecystic liquid, thickening of the nerve bladder divider thickening, sonographic Murphys sign and different irregularities in pancreas, liver, kidney and different things, for example, air in the mass of the gallbaaldder. Further, auxiliary imaging tests, for example, processed tomography can help recognize the extrabilary issue (Adhikari et al., 2014). A large portion of the side effects direct towards that of intense cholecystitis, which much of the time happen because of gallstones. In any case, in numerous patients having gallstones don't prompt these side effects. A few patients might not have cholecystitis, be that as it may, may give comparable manifestations, for example, kindled gallbladder (Yabluchansky et al., 2016). In cases other than intense cholecystitis, for example, catarrhal aggravation, patients have been seen as contaminated with pyogenic microbes that lead to fever. It might bring about aggravation and puncturing of the mucous layer. These conditions are unique in relation to the cholecystitis. If there should arise an occurrence of the patient Mr. Kasim, the chance of Jaundice is absent. Much of the time except if regular bile pipe obstacle, Jaundice is missing (Guo et al., 2014). Numerous individuals with commonplace nerve bladder assault have comparable indications however don't have extreme torment like inte nse cholecystitis (Jeong Jung, 2014). The last advance of the clinical thinking cycle is the definite wellbeing appraisal of the patient. Preceding the appraisal advertisement creating care plan there is a need of point by point evaluation which incorporate the accompanying Ultrasonography-it is the underlying imaging test favored for the patient of cholecystitis. It is trailed by CT examine which is optional imaging test to distinguish extra-biliary disarranges. It likewise recognizes intense complexities of cholecystitis. Cholecystography according to Le and Finlayson, (2016) can uncover the stones in the biliary framework. The medical attendant must evaluate the skin and mucous layer followed by appraisal of fringe heartbeats and slim top off. Followed this the medical attendant must survey for stomach distension, and any hesitance to move. Attendant must report if there is any successive burping and guarding in tolerant. Later the medical attendant must survey the example of the agony and any danger of lack of healthy sustenance. In view of the appraisal the significant objectives for the patient incorporate mitigating torment and advancing rest. The prompt consideration regarding the patient incorporate maintaing liquid and electrolyte parity and counteraction of complexities (Adhikari et al., 2014). All in all, the able expert practice requires refined reasoning abilities. Basic thinking in nursing is crucial as medical attendants are critical piece of the decisions and the dynamic in heath care. Patients are in some cases gave the unpredictable side effects which may cover with different sicknesses. Incapable judgment may prompt advancement of improper mediations. Thus, it might offer ascent to patients decay and mortality. Along these lines, clinical

The Role of Leadership and Innovation in Sustaining Competitiveness Essay

The Role of Leadership and Innovation in Sustaining Competitiveness - Essay Example In this way, associations with innovative and compelling administration will have the option to support seriousness in their business condition because of their boss key measures contrasted with their rivals. Hierarchical administration includes the capacity of the executives to accomplish and secure a company’s benefits through the capacity to adjust employees’ needs and friends focuses by guaranteeing that there are no grindings between the two requests. This involves bringing worker requests and authoritative needs together to work in a situation that will empower compelling and proficient accomplishment a shared objective. Thus, authoritative initiative has a focal job of developing cooperative energies between the association and its workers. Initiative enables the individual from an association and working groups to conquer work environment ecological moves in this manner attempting to accomplish hierarchical objectives in a commendable manner (Kalamas and Kalamas and p.2004).â Innovative thoughts can likewise rouse representatives to give their best to the association. Associations that permit representatives to attempt new and non-customary methods of working will acquire from employees’ gifts. ... Authority is significant for an association since it empowers the association and authoritative groups accomplish their set objectives. At the point when pioneers and the individuals drove don't have the foggiest idea where they are going as far as authoritative objectives and targets, at that point administration amounts to nothing. Consequently, it is significant for pioneers in associations to have an away from of how and where they see the association later on. As indicated by Maxey (2000, p.48), vision of an association speaks to a psychological picture of its conceivable and alluring future. The fate of an association relies upon its initiative capacity to perceive authoritative changes precisely and use them cleverly for the improvement and maintainability of the association. Sage and Rouse (2011, p.800) note pioneers center around the on the future and in this manner the what isolates a social change that comes up short from that which succeeds is the skilled initiative at th e highest point of authoritative order. The significance of having a pioneer who can set dreams for how the association will work in future can be exhibited by the methodology taken by Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs, as a key head for Apple is a proper model in the territory of imagination and development (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt 2008, p.36). He had the option to situate Apple to hold onto future markets through the firm’s technique, which depended on bits of knowledge into outside circumstances. Steve Jobs perceived that Apple had a constrained customer base in the individualized computing market. In any case, Jobs kept up that the organization was attempted a drawn out methodology that would see it work past PC industry. Further, Steve Jobs guaranteed that he was sitting tight for the following huge thing that was

Wait List Control Groups in Psychology Experiments

Wait List Control Groups in Psychology Experiments Basics Print Wait List Control Groups in Psychology Experiments By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Benjamin Rondel/Cultura/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In psychotherapy research, a wait list control group is a group of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment, but who are put on a waiting list to receive the intervention  after the active treatment group does. The wait list control group serves two purposes. First, it provides  an untreated comparison for the active experimental group  to determine if the treatment had an effect. By serving as a comparison group, researchers are able to isolate the  independent variable  and look at the impact it had.  Second, it allows the wait-listed participants an opportunity to obtain the intervention at a later date. In an experiment, people are randomly selected to be in the wait list group. They also closely resemble the participants who are in the experimental group (or the individuals who receive the treatment). Importance A wait list control group is often thought to be preferable to a no-treatment control group in cases where it would be unethical to deny participants access to treatment. The wait list control group serves as a benchmark, allowing researchers to compare the experimental group to the wait list control group to see what sort of impact changes to the independent variable produced. It essentially allows researchers to assess the effect of the intervention against not receiving treatment during that same time period (while still providing all participants with treatment eventually). Because participants have been  randomly assigned  to either the wait list control group or the experimental group, it can be assumed that the groups are comparable. Any differences between the two groups are therefore the result of the manipulations of the independent variable. The experimenters carry out the exact same procedures with both groups with the exception of the manipulation of the independent variable in the experimental group. Types of Research Many types of psychological and behavioral health research use wait list control groups. It is used in studying the effect of interventions on alcohol consumption, depression and anxiety, and promoting healthy behaviors, such as stress management. Shortcomings While using wait list control groups has been seen as an ethical alternative to having a control group, it can pose problems. A 2013 study in BMC Medical Research Methodology  suggested that using a wait list control group may  artificially inflate estimates of the intervention effect. The idea is that by telling people to wait for treatment, they are stalled in the stage of change related to readiness and do not move forward to action on their own. So rather than attempting behavior change on their own, or seeking other avenues of help, they wait, possibly showing less improvement than a simple control group would show. In this particular study, researchers looked at the effect of an intervention on problem drinking.

Marzanna, Slavic Goddess of Death and Winter

The winter goddess Marzanna has several guises and multiple names in Slavic mythology, but all of them are evil. She represents the coming of winter and is one of three seasonal sisters representing the cycle of life and death; she is also a fate goddess, whose arrival signifies misfortune; and she is a kitchen goddess, who creates nightmares and mischievously fiddles with a womans spinning.   Key Takeaways: Marzanna Alternate Names: Marzena (Polish), Marena (Russian), Morana (Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian), Morena or Kyselica (Slovak), Morena (Macedonian),  Mara (Belarusian and Ukrainian), but also variously known as Marui or Marukhi, MarÃ… ¾ena, Morà ©na, Mora, Marmora, More, and KikimoraEquivalents: Ceres (Roman); Hecate (Greek)Culture/Country: Slavic mythology, central EuropeRealms and Powers: Goddess of winter and deathFamily: Zhiva (summer goddess), Vesna or Lada (spring goddess); with dark Charnobog, she is the mother of Triglav, the god of war Marzanna in Slavic Mythology   The goddess of Winter known as Marzanna is likely an ancient leftover, the Slavic version of the ancient goddess-as-crone figure found throughout Indo-European mythologies, and known as Marratu to the Chaldeans, Marah to the Jews, and Mariham to the Persians. As a Slavic goddess, she is primarily a fearsome figure, the bringer of death, and the symbol of winter. There is a matching spring goddess (Vesna or Lada), who is said to seduce Perun, the lightning god, bringing the end to winter. A summer goddess is named Zhiva, who rules over crops. There is no autumn goddess; according to the myths she was the daughter of the moon Chors who was bewitched at birth and disappeared. Marzanna had one child, the god of war Triglav, by Chernobog.   Seasonal Tales  and Rituals As spring nears, the feast of Maslenitsa is held, in which people dress a straw maiden in rags, carry her through town into the fields, and burn her in effigy, or drown her in a river or pond. The effigy represents Marzanna, and the burning or destruction of the effigy represents the banishing of winter from the land. The drowning is her disappearance into the underworld.   Spring Marzanna. Thuomash / Getty Images At the summer solstice, the Kupalo ceremony includes a mixture of nuptial and funereal ideas, a set of joyous and tragic rites celebrating both the Dionysian blend of fire and water and the downward course of the sun towards its wintry grave.   As winter approaches, Marzanna is associated with the enchanted huntsman myth. A tale told by the Roma is that a hunter (sometimes the god of the sun) falls in love with Marzanna and she traps his soul in a magic mirror where (rather like Persephone) he must spend the long winter. Fate Goddess   In some tales, Marzanna appears as Mara or Mora, a destroying fate-goddess who rides the night winds and drinks the blood of men. She is the mare in the word nightmare, described as a monstrous hag squatting upon the breast, mute, motionless, and malignant, an incarnation of the evil spirit whose intolerable weight crushes the breath out of the body (Macnish 1831). She is similar in this respect to the Hindu goddess Kali the Destroyer, whose death aspect means passive weight and darkness. In this guise, Marzanna (or Mora) is a personal tormenter, who sometimes turns herself into a horse, or into a tuft of hair. One tale is of a man who was so tormented by her that he left his home, took his white horse and rode away on it. But wherever he roamed the Mora followed. At last, he passed the night at an inn, and the master of the house heard him groaning in a nightmare, and found him being suffocated by a long tuft of white hair. The host cut the hair in two pieces with a pair of scissors, and in the morning the white horse was found dead: the hair, the nightmare, and the white horse were all Marzanna.   Kitchen Demon As the kitchen demon Marui or Marukhi, Marzanna hides behind the stove and spins at night, making strange thumping noises when danger is in store. She turns herself into a butterfly and hangs over the lips of sleepers bringing them bad dreams.   If a woman spins something without first saying a prayer, Mora will come at night and spoil all her work. In this aspect, Marzanna is sometimes named Kikimori, a shade of the souls of girls who have died unchristened or were cursed by their parents. Sources and Further Reading Leeming, David. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.Macnish, Robert. The Philosophy of Sleep. Glasgow: W. R. McPhun, 1830.  Monaghan, Patricia. Encyclopedia of Goddesses Heroines. Novato CA: New World Library, 2014. Print.Ralston, W.R.S. The Songs of the Russian People, as Illustrative of Slavonic Mythology and Russian Social Life. London: Ellis Green, 1872. Print.Walker, Barbara. The Womans Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1983. Print.

What Is Constant Absolute Risk Aversion

Constant absolute risk aversion, or CARA, utility is a class of utility functions. Also called exponential utility. Has the form, for some positive constant a: u(c)-(1/a)e-ac Under this specification the elasticity of marginal utility is equal to -ac, and the instantaneous elasticity of substitution is equal to 1/ac. The coefficient of absolute risk aversion is a; thus the abbreviation CARA for Constant Absolute Risk Aversion. Constant absolute risk aversion is usually thought of as a less plausible description of risk aversion than constant relative risk aversion (thats the CRRA), but it can be more analytically convenient. (Econterms) Terms related to Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA): CRRA About.Com Resources on Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA):None Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA): Books on Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA):None Journal Articles on Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA):None Return to Main Page

The Failure Of Failing Public Schools - 2454 Words

Introduction As a result of the latest rating of failing public schools in education, United States schools are rated around twenty-ninth in the world. What is a failing school? Researchers may never agree on a single definition of failing schools (Connelly, 1999). OFSTED says that â€Å"A failing school is one in which learners make very little progress in relation to their prior attainment; consequently, the value-added analyses of the school’s test scores are very low when compared with similar schools. This definition may be extended to include some process indicators. There is no doubt that the three most consistent factors found in weak schools are the underachievement of learners, unsatisfactory or poor teaching and ineffective leadership (OFSTED, 1997, p. 4). In the research article by Stein (2012), two questions were addressed for guiding the study. First, how should educators and the public respond to the suggestion that most failing schools either need a complete makeover or aren t worth saving? Second, what message are we sending the students and parents of such schools, and their respective communities in general, if we allow them to believe their schools should be kicked to the curb or used as a research laboratory? Stein also believe that hearing that America s students are becoming less competitive globally with each successive year is depressing enough, but it s worse to hear that we should either reinvent how schools operate or give up on someShow MoreRelatedFailing The Children Of Success1507 Words   |  7 PagesFailing Our Children to Success Imagine a world where doctors are not able to understand medical terminology or lawyers who have difficulty reading laws and being unable to interpret them correctly. 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Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession Essay Example For Students

Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession Essay Introduction In today’s world businesses and firms are required to uphold high levels of ethical behaviors for them to run successfully. There have been an overwhelming increased number of unethical behaviors in the accounting environment where a lot of accounting environment present accountants with many accounting dilemmas. Accountants handling any financial information such as companies financial statement must be operate out rightly in an ethical manner because such information is critical to a company’s well being both legally and in a business perspective and also in the accountants own perspective as it determines his compensation and promotional opportunities. In understanding such dilemmas that face accountants in their daily accounting duties, we study critically the case of Daniel potter, a qualified AICPA accountant working at barker Greenleaf Company. Dan has an acute familiarity with most of the professional guidelines that relate to morality as an accountant. This guideline not only defined his academic success but also his dignity as an auditor. However, he is faced with a situation where he is finding difficulty defining one of the ethical guidelines on materiality according to the AICPA guidelines. He clearly indicates that the valuation of the property has been altered and thus undervalued by up to 7% of its initial value. But as his boss, Mr. Freeman asks him to omit his subject-to-opinion proviso, Dan feels the ethical conducts are being violated and thus refuses to alter the financial statement or his recommendations. In light with his superiors opinions, Dan feels the need to be loyal but again he knows very well that the accounting profession must uphold what it believes in and in asking him to give a different opinion on his clients property valuation, he was in violation of such conduct. All accountants should at any one time in the business environment show an unwavering ethical behavior because â€Å"significant deficiencies† have been cited in line with individual accounting ethics. Such is Sam’s case with ruby. In this case, a professional accountant such as jimmy’s accountant is supposed to be conversant with all expertise knowledge associated with accounting according to professional accounting in the public interest, post Enron. Information such as taxation information should not have been a problem to Jimmy’s accountant as earlier seen which leaves Sam to share such vital information with ruby’s lawyer who not a rofessional in that capacity. Stakeholders involved Stakeholders are parties both internal and external who have who have any form of stoke in the business. Bottom line profits are not the only rationale behind which companies operate when it comes to stakeholder analysis. Stake holders may include managers, clients employees etc whose interest is deemed vital to the success of any business. In Dan’s case scenario, the stake holders include baker Greenleaf company and all its employees who are involved directly with its inside or outside dealings. The big eight accounting firm which ran audits for baker. The real estate subsidiary which dealt directly with baker Greenleaf is also a stakeholder. Jimmy also comes in as a main stakeholder in when he decides to buy out Ruby’s business. Though with some ill intentions, and his as accountant disclosing the fact that he wasn’t in fact aware of how jimmy’s off book revenues were being treated and they could amount to tax evasion which he intended ruby to fully shield incase the deal went through. And finally Sam who is supposed to play a third party role and advice ruby on how to handle jimmy’s buy out transactions. Its however critical to understand that the impact of stakeholders in meeting an organizations goal is critical to the organizations well being. According to chapter four of the professional accounting in public interest, the future success of any business depends on how well it’s able to meet its stakeholders’ ethical expectations. Ethical problems were potential problems for disaster in areas where they damaged part or all of the organizational reputation. Stakeholders such as freeman risk exposing the organization to clients who might easily judge them as account frauds. .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .postImageUrl , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:visited , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:active { border:0!important; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:active , .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63b6c4c1dfb02eec3c00962c2991674d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The diary of anne frank by anne frank EssayCourse of action Any unethical behavior is always meant to benefit an individual or an organization at the expense of some aspect in the society. They further argue that accountants have the responsibility to follow all the generally accepted accounting ethics. Auditors are also obliged to put forward opinions that are fair to the financial statements they put forward. Dan’s cause of action therefore is bound by the ethical code of conduct that’s defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) whether it favors his superiors or not. If organizations cannot streamline their employees to follow such conduct however, it can choose to develop its own rules as long as they are in accordance to those put forward by AICPA. According to Osmond, such organizations may choose to come up with rules and regulations that govern their employees when it comes to handling certain vital financial information. Dan however lacks a venue to air his grievances because baker doesn’t have a board with which disciplinary measures can be taken on employees such as Freeman. However companies must make sure they enforce such laws and that they fully reprimand employees who fail to live up to the guidelines set. Having a strong disciplinary board is the only way such measures can bear fruit. In Dan’s case, having a board that is willing to take a stance against employees such as stakeholders such as freeman should produce appropriate solution. Such companies should resolve not to have any dealings with stakeholders who engage in inappropriate actions. Accounting as a profession should be founded by positive philosophy and only a positive philosophical approach is capable of accomplishing this. Dan’s stand to stick by his word is appreciated but his loyalty questioned. Such influenced should be pursued positively by baker. Plante and Moran, the ninth largest public accounting firm in the USA accredits one of its employees, Frank Moran, for having brought about change in a philosophical approach that has seen ‘revolutionary innovations’ among the workforce and the workplace in general, operating on solid social and ethical values. This can be borrowed by Dan whom, by standing by his decision can help revolutionalize the mentality held by long time serving accountants like freeman. Looking at the above case study, the four stakeholders clearly outline themselves. According to professional accounting in public interest post-Enron, this are divided into the four categories. †¢The self v/s others; this includes improper use of one’s influence and also misuse of information. Jimmy and Mr. Freeman fall into this category where they misuse the information given to them to mislead other stake holders. This should be addressed critically because it has a high influence on the overall welfare of the company. †¢Self and others v/s other; the areas affected by these stake holders include all services they offer to other stake holders. Dan and Freeman, Jimmy and his accountants, Sam Ruby and her lawyer are such stakeholders. This should also be tackled with urgency because some of the company stakeholders will feel shortchanged and should be ranked as high. †¢Client v/s client; areas affected include services they offer. Baker and the big eight accounting firm fall under this category. Should be ranked as high because any decisions taken by one client affects the other directly. †¢Employer v/s employer: areas affected include misuse of information and Dan and Freeman fall under this category. The board should address this directly in order to reduce the influence, especially negative ones, of some employees on others. Conclusion As seen earlier, most of the arguments support the upholding of accounting ethics by all practicing professional accountants regardless of their areas of profession.